Laboratory experiments on the initiation and development of mantle plumes suggest the formation of a bulbous plume head that grows in time by entrainment of surrounding material, followed by a thin feeder conduit. This ...
We present the first study of present-day mixing efficiency of the Earth that is based on a 3D spherical model of convection in the Earth's mantle. The stationary model we employ is derived from the present-day slab buoyancy ...